SidaGhanaV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 000175

Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana

Identifieur interne : 000175 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000174; suivant : 000176

Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana

Auteurs : Adwoa Asante-Poku [Ghana, Suisse] ; Isaac Darko Otchere [Ghana] ; Stephen Osei-Wusu [Ghana] ; Esther Sarpong [Ghana] ; Akosua Baddoo [Ghana] ; Audrey Forson [Ghana] ; Clement Laryea [Ghana] ; Sonia Borrell [Suisse] ; Frank Bonsu [Ghana] ; Jan Hattendorf [Suisse] ; Collins Ahorlu [Ghana] ; Kwadwo A. Koram [Ghana] ; Sebastien Gagneux [Suisse] ; Dorothy Yeboah-Manu [Ghana]

Source :

BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2016.

RBID : PMC:4977717

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (epidemiology), AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (microbiology), Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Drug Resistance, Bacterial (drug effects), Drug Resistance, Bacterial (genetics), Female, Ghana (epidemiology), HIV Infections (epidemiology), HIV Infections (microbiology), Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Molecular Epidemiology (methods), Mycobacterium (drug effects), Mycobacterium (genetics), Mycobacterium (isolation & purification), Mycobacterium Infections (epidemiology), Mycobacterium bovis (genetics), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (drug effects), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification), Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prospective Studies, Tuberculosis (epidemiology), Tuberculosis (microbiology), Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (epidemiology), Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (microbiology), Young Adult.
MESH :
- drug effects : Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- epidemiology : AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Ghana, HIV Infections, Mycobacterium Infections, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary.
- genetics : Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- isolation & purification : Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- methods : Molecular Epidemiology.
- microbiology : AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, HIV Infections, Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Prospective Studies, Young Adult.

Abstract

Background

Mycobacterium africanum comprises two phylogenetic lineages within the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and is an important cause of human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. The reasons for this geographic restriction of M. africanum remain unclear. Here, we performed a prospective study to explore associations between the characteristics of TB patients and the MTBC lineages circulating in Ghana.

Method

We genotyped 1,211 MTBC isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients recruited between 2012 and 2014 using single nucleotide polymorphism typing and spoligotyping. Associations between patient and pathogen variables were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Of the 1,211 MTBC isolates analysed, 71.9 % (871) belonged to Lineage 4; 12.6 % (152) to Lineage 5 (also known as M. africanum West-Africa 1), 9.2 % (112) to Lineage 6 (also known as M. africanum West-Africa 2) and 0.6 % (7) to Mycobacterium bovis. Univariate analysis revealed that Lineage 6 strains were less likely to be isoniazid resistant compared to other strains (odds ratio = 0.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.05–0.77, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that Lineage 5 was significantly more common in patients from the Ewe ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR): 2.79; 95 % CI: 1.47–5.29, P < 0.001) and Lineage 6 more likely to be found among HIV-co-infected TB patients (adjOR = 2.2; 95 % confidence interval (CI: 1.32–3.7, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our findings confirm the importance of M. africanum in Ghana and highlight the need to differentiate between Lineage 5 and Lineage 6, as these lineages differ in associated patient variables.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4977717

DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6
PubMed: 27506391
PubMed Central: 4977717

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ahorlu, Collins" sort="Ahorlu, Collins" uniqKey="Ahorlu C" first="Collins" last="Ahorlu">Collins Ahorlu</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Ghana</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement>
<settlement type="town">Legon (Ghana)</settlement>
<region type="region">Région du Grand Accra</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo A" sort="Koram, Kwadwo A" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo A." last="Koram">Kwadwo A. Koram</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Ghana</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement>
<settlement type="town">Legon (Ghana)</settlement>
<region type="region">Région du Grand Accra</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Basel, Basel</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Ghana</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement>
<settlement type="town">Legon (Ghana)</settlement>
<region type="region">Région du Grand Accra</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (epidemiology)</term>
<term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (microbiology)</term>
<term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial (drug effects)</term>
<term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial (genetics)</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Ghana (epidemiology)</term>
<term>HIV Infections (epidemiology)</term>
<term>HIV Infections (microbiology)</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term>
<term>Molecular Epidemiology (methods)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium (drug effects)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium (genetics)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium Infections (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium bovis (genetics)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (drug effects)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (genetics)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term>
<term>Prospective Studies</term>
<term>Tuberculosis (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Tuberculosis (microbiology)</term>
<term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (microbiology)</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adulte</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Ghana (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Infections opportunistes liées au SIDA (microbiologie)</term>
<term>Infections opportunistes liées au SIDA (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Infections à Mycobacterium (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Infections à VIH (microbiologie)</term>
<term>Infections à VIH (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mycobacterium ()</term>
<term>Mycobacterium (génétique)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium bovis (génétique)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis ()</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (génétique)</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple</term>
<term>Résistance bactérienne aux médicaments ()</term>
<term>Résistance bactérienne aux médicaments (génétique)</term>
<term>Sujet âgé</term>
<term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus</term>
<term>Tests de sensibilité microbienne</term>
<term>Tuberculose (microbiologie)</term>
<term>Tuberculose (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Tuberculose pulmonaire (microbiologie)</term>
<term>Tuberculose pulmonaire (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Épidémiologie moléculaire ()</term>
<term>Études prospectives</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial</term>
<term>Mycobacterium</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections</term>
<term>Ghana</term>
<term>HIV Infections</term>
<term>Mycobacterium Infections</term>
<term>Tuberculosis</term>
<term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Resistance, Bacterial</term>
<term>Mycobacterium</term>
<term>Mycobacterium bovis</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium</term>
<term>Mycobacterium bovis</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term>
<term>Résistance bactérienne aux médicaments</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycobacterium</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections opportunistes liées au SIDA</term>
<term>Infections à VIH</term>
<term>Tuberculose</term>
<term>Tuberculose pulmonaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections</term>
<term>HIV Infections</term>
<term>Tuberculosis</term>
<term>Tuberculosis, Pulmonary</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ghana</term>
<term>Infections opportunistes liées au SIDA</term>
<term>Infections à Mycobacterium</term>
<term>Infections à VIH</term>
<term>Tuberculose</term>
<term>Tuberculose pulmonaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term>
<term>Prospective Studies</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term>
<term>Adulte</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mycobacterium</term>
<term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple</term>
<term>Résistance bactérienne aux médicaments</term>
<term>Sujet âgé</term>
<term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus</term>
<term>Tests de sensibilité microbienne</term>
<term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term>
<term>Études prospectives</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p><italic>Mycobacterium africanum</italic>
 comprises two phylogenetic lineages within the <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>
 complex (MTBC) and is an important cause of human tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. The reasons for this geographic restriction of <italic>M. africanum</italic>
 remain unclear. Here, we performed a prospective study to explore associations between the characteristics of TB patients and the MTBC lineages circulating in Ghana.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Method</title>
<p>We genotyped 1,211 MTBC isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients recruited between 2012 and 2014 using single nucleotide polymorphism typing and spoligotyping. Associations between patient and pathogen variables were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Of the 1,211 MTBC isolates analysed, 71.9 % (871) belonged to Lineage 4; 12.6 % (152) to Lineage 5 (also known as <italic>M. africanum</italic>
 West-Africa 1), 9.2 % (112) to Lineage 6 (also known as <italic>M. africanum</italic>
 West-Africa 2) and 0.6 % (7) to <italic>Mycobacterium bovis</italic>
. Univariate analysis revealed that Lineage 6 strains were less likely to be isoniazid resistant compared to other strains (odds ratio = 0.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.05–0.77, <italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that Lineage 5 was significantly more common in patients from the Ewe ethnic group (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR): 2.79; 95 % CI: 1.47–5.29, <italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001) and Lineage 6 more likely to be found among HIV-co-infected TB patients (adjOR = 2.2; 95 % confidence interval (CI: 1.32–3.7, <italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Our findings confirm the importance of <italic>M. africanum</italic>
 in Ghana and highlight the need to differentiate between Lineage 5 and Lineage 6, as these lineages differ in associated patient variables.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1725-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Nguyen, Ttt" uniqKey="Nguyen T">TTT Nguyen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herb, F" uniqKey="Herb F">F Herb</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thye, T" uniqKey="Thye T">T Thye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Browne, Enl" uniqKey="Browne E">ENL Browne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chinbuah, Ma" uniqKey="Chinbuah M">MA Chinbuah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gyapong, J" uniqKey="Gyapong J">J Gyapong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thye, T" uniqKey="Thye T">T Thye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walter, K" uniqKey="Walter K">K Walter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Homolka, S" uniqKey="Homolka S">S Homolka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Intemann, Cd" uniqKey="Intemann C">CD Intemann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Intemann, Cd" uniqKey="Intemann C">CD Intemann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salie, M" uniqKey="Salie M">M Salie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Merwe, L" uniqKey="Van Der Merwe L">L van der Merwe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moller, M" uniqKey="Moller M">M Moller</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Daya, M" uniqKey="Daya M">M Daya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Spuy, Gd" uniqKey="Van Der Spuy G">GD van der Spuy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Helden, Pd" uniqKey="Van Helden P">PD Van Helden</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coscolla, M" uniqKey="Coscolla M">M Coscolla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Traore, B" uniqKey="Traore B">B Traore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diarra, B" uniqKey="Diarra B">B Diarra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dembele, Bpp" uniqKey="Dembele B">BPP Dembele</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Somboro, Am" uniqKey="Somboro A">AM Somboro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hammond, As" uniqKey="Hammond A">AS Hammond</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siddiqui, S" uniqKey="Siddiqui S">S Siddiqui</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borrell, S" uniqKey="Borrell S">S Borrell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gagneux, S" uniqKey="Gagneux S">S Gagneux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bentley, Sd" uniqKey="Bentley S">SD Bentley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Comas, I" uniqKey="Comas I">I Comas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bryant, Jm" uniqKey="Bryant J">JM Bryant</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walker, D" uniqKey="Walker D">D Walker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Nh" uniqKey="Smith N">NH Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, Sr" uniqKey="Harris S">SR Harris</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Homolka, S" uniqKey="Homolka S">S Homolka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meyer, Cg" uniqKey="Meyer C">CG Meyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hilleman, D" uniqKey="Hilleman D">D Hilleman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owusu Dabo, E" uniqKey="Owusu Dabo E">E Owusu-Dabo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adjei, O" uniqKey="Adjei O">O Adjei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horstmann, Rd" uniqKey="Horstmann R">RD Horstmann</name>
</author>
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<author><name sortKey="Egger, M" uniqKey="Egger M">M Egger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bodmer, T" uniqKey="Bodmer T">T Bodmer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Altpeter, E" uniqKey="Altpeter E">E Altpeter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zwahlen, M" uniqKey="Zwahlen M">M Zwahlen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaton, K" uniqKey="Jaton K">K Jaton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
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<author><name sortKey="Hill, Pc" uniqKey="Hill P">PC Hill</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brookes, Rh" uniqKey="Brookes R">RH Brookes</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Otu, Jk" uniqKey="Otu J">JK Otu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peterson, Kl" uniqKey="Peterson K">KL Peterson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Small, Pm" uniqKey="Small P">PM Small</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Cg" uniqKey="Meyer C">CG Meyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scarisbrick, S" uniqKey="Scarisbrick S">S Scarisbrick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niemann, S" uniqKey="Niemann S">S Niemann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Browne, En" uniqKey="Browne E">EN Browne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chinbuah, Ma" uniqKey="Chinbuah M">MA Chinbuah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gyapang, J" uniqKey="Gyapang J">J Gyapang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Jong, Bc" uniqKey="De Jong B">BC De Jong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hill, Pc" uniqKey="Hill P">PC Hill</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aiken, A" uniqKey="Aiken A">A Aiken</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Awine, T" uniqKey="Awine T">T Awine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Antonio, M" uniqKey="Antonio M">M Antonio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adetifa, Im" uniqKey="Adetifa I">IM Adetifa</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coscolla, M" uniqKey="Coscolla M">M Coscolla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lewin, A" uniqKey="Lewin A">A Lewin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Metzger, S" uniqKey="Metzger S">S Metzger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Calvignac Spencer, S" uniqKey="Calvignac Spencer S">S Calvignac-Spencer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nitsche, A" uniqKey="Nitsche A">A Nitsche</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parsons, Sdc" uniqKey="Parsons S">SDC Parsons</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drewe, Ja" uniqKey="Drewe J">JA Drewe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gey Van Pittius, Nc" uniqKey="Gey Van Pittius N">NC Gey van Pittius</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Warren, Rm" uniqKey="Warren R">RM Warren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Helden, Pd" uniqKey="Van Helden P">PD Van Helden</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berg, S" uniqKey="Berg S">S Berg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schelling, E" uniqKey="Schelling E">E Schelling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hailu, E" uniqKey="Hailu E">E Hailu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Firedessa, R" uniqKey="Firedessa R">R Firedessa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gumi, B" uniqKey="Gumi B">B Gumi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erenso, G" uniqKey="Erenso G">G Erenso</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Ghana</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
</country>
<region><li>Région du Grand Accra</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Accra</li>
<li>Legon (Ghana)</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université du Ghana</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Ghana"><region name="Région du Grand Accra"><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Ahorlu, Collins" sort="Ahorlu, Collins" uniqKey="Ahorlu C" first="Collins" last="Ahorlu">Collins Ahorlu</name>
<name sortKey="Baddoo, Akosua" sort="Baddoo, Akosua" uniqKey="Baddoo A" first="Akosua" last="Baddoo">Akosua Baddoo</name>
<name sortKey="Bonsu, Frank" sort="Bonsu, Frank" uniqKey="Bonsu F" first="Frank" last="Bonsu">Frank Bonsu</name>
<name sortKey="Forson, Audrey" sort="Forson, Audrey" uniqKey="Forson A" first="Audrey" last="Forson">Audrey Forson</name>
<name sortKey="Koram, Kwadwo A" sort="Koram, Kwadwo A" uniqKey="Koram K" first="Kwadwo A." last="Koram">Kwadwo A. Koram</name>
<name sortKey="Laryea, Clement" sort="Laryea, Clement" uniqKey="Laryea C" first="Clement" last="Laryea">Clement Laryea</name>
<name sortKey="Osei Wusu, Stephen" sort="Osei Wusu, Stephen" uniqKey="Osei Wusu S" first="Stephen" last="Osei-Wusu">Stephen Osei-Wusu</name>
<name sortKey="Otchere, Isaac Darko" sort="Otchere, Isaac Darko" uniqKey="Otchere I" first="Isaac Darko" last="Otchere">Isaac Darko Otchere</name>
<name sortKey="Sarpong, Esther" sort="Sarpong, Esther" uniqKey="Sarpong E" first="Esther" last="Sarpong">Esther Sarpong</name>
<name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name>
</country>
<country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Asante Poku, Adwoa" sort="Asante Poku, Adwoa" uniqKey="Asante Poku A" first="Adwoa" last="Asante-Poku">Adwoa Asante-Poku</name>
<name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name>
<name sortKey="Borrell, Sonia" sort="Borrell, Sonia" uniqKey="Borrell S" first="Sonia" last="Borrell">Sonia Borrell</name>
<name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name>
<name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name>
<name sortKey="Hattendorf, Jan" sort="Hattendorf, Jan" uniqKey="Hattendorf J" first="Jan" last="Hattendorf">Jan Hattendorf</name>
<name sortKey="Hattendorf, Jan" sort="Hattendorf, Jan" uniqKey="Hattendorf J" first="Jan" last="Hattendorf">Jan Hattendorf</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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Le SIDA au Ghana (serveur d'exploration)

Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana

Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana

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	Le SIDA au Ghana (serveur d'exploration)
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